二、出错管理(Managing Errors)
Struts框架有两个主要的类来管理出错，一个是org.apache.struts.action.ActionError类，它对错误信息进行包装。另一个是org.apache.struts.action.ActionErrors类，它是ActionError实例的容器。这两个类经常要在ActionForm及Action类中使用。其具体的使用如下：
ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors();
errors.add("propertyname", new ActionError("key");
errors.add(ActionErrors.GLOBAL_ERROR,new ActionError("key");
关于"propertyname"和ActionErrors.GLOBAL_ERROR，对前者用在ActionForm中，这里是对应表现层（JSP）中的属性值。而对后者则用在Action中，它对应struts-config.xml的<global-forwards />中描述的信息。例子：
ActionForm类：
public class LoginForm extends ActionForm {
…………………
public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping,HttpServletRequest request) {
ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors();
if ( (username == null ) (username.length() == 0) ) {
errors.add("username",new ActionError("errors.username.required"));
}
if ( (password == null ) (password.length() == 0) ) {
errors.add("password",new ActionError("errors.password.required"));
}
return errors;
}
…………………
}

Action类：
public class LoginAction extends Action {
……………………
public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping,ActionForm form,HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponseresponse) throws IOException, ServletException {
String user = null;
// Default target to success
String target = "success";
// Use the LoginForm to get the request parameters
String username = ((LoginForm)form).getUsername();
String password = ((LoginForm)form).getPassword();
user = getUser(username, password);
// Set the target to failure
if ( user == null ) {
target = "login";
ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors();
errors.add(ActionErrors.GLOBAL_ERROR,new ActionError("errors.login.unknown",username));
// Report any errors we have discovered back to the
// original form
if (!errors.empty()) {
saveErrors(request, errors);
}
}
else {
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
session.setAttribute("USER", user);
}
// Forward to the appropriate View
return (mapping.findForward(target));
}
}
在表现层中表现错误只须要写上<html:error />标签即可。