作者：Chris Sells
译者：荣耀
【译注：C#进阶文章。Chris Sells是《ATL Internals》一书作者之一。译文中所有程
序调试环境均为Microsoft Visual Studio.NET 7.0 Beta2和 Microsoft .NET Framewo
rk SDK Beta2。代码就是文章，请仔细阅读代码J】
类型耦合
从前，在南方的一个异国他乡，有一个叫peter的勤劳的工人。他对boss百依百顺，但他
的boss却是个卑鄙无信的小人，他坚持要求peter不断汇报工作情况。由于peter不希望
被boss盯着干活，于是他向boss承诺随时汇报工作进度。peter利用类型引用定期回调b
oss来实现这个承诺：
using System;//【译注：译者补充】
class Worker
{
 public void Advise(Boss boss)
{
_boss = boss;
}
 public void DoWork()
 {
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work started");
if( _boss != null ) _boss.WorkStarted();
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work progressing");
if( _boss != null ) _boss.WorkProgressing();
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work completed");
if( _boss != null )
 {
int grade = _boss.WorkCompleted();
Console.WriteLine("Worker grade = " + grade);
 }
 }
 private Boss _boss;
}
class Boss
{
 public void WorkStarted() { /*boss不关心. */ }
 public void WorkProgressing() { /*boss不关心. */ }
 public int WorkCompleted()
 {
Console.WriteLine("It's about time!");
 return 2; /* out of 10 */
 }
}
class Universe
{
 static void Main()
 {
 Worker peter = new Worker();
 Boss boss = new Boss();
peter.Advise(boss);
peter.DoWork();
Console.WriteLine("Main: worker completed work");
Console.ReadLine();
 }
}
/*【译注：以下是上段程序输出结果：
Worker: work started
Worker: work progressing
Worker: work completed
It's about time!
Worker grade = 2
Main: worker completed work
】*/
接口
 现在，peter成了一个特殊人物，他不但能够忍受卑鄙的boss，和universe也建立
了紧密的联系。peter感到universe对他的工作进程同样感兴趣。不幸的是，除了保证b
oss能够被通知外，如果不为universe添加一个特殊的通知方法和回调，peter无法向un
iverse通知其工作进程。Peter希望能从那些通知方法的实现中分离出潜在的通知约定，
为此，他决定将方法剥离到接口中：
using System; //【译注：译者补充】
interface IWorkerEvents //【译注：这就是分离出来的接口】
{
 void WorkStarted();
 void WorkProgressing();
 int WorkCompleted();
}
class Worker
{
 public void Advise(IWorkerEvents events) //【译注：现在传递的参数类型为
接口引用】
{
_events = events;
}
 public void DoWork()
 {
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work started");
if( _events != null ) _events.WorkStarted();
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work progressing");
if(_events != null ) _events.WorkProgressing();
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work completed");
if(_events != null )
 {
int grade = _events.WorkCompleted();
Console.WriteLine("Worker grade = " + grade);
 }
 }
 private IWorkerEvents _events;
}
class Boss : IWorkerEvents //【译注：Boss实现该接口】
{
 public void WorkStarted(){ /*boss不关心. */ }
 public void WorkProgressing(){ /*boss不关心. */ }
 public int WorkCompleted()
 {
Console.WriteLine("It's about time!");
 return 3; /* out of 10 */
 }
}
class Universe
{
 static void Main()
 {
 Worker peter = new Worker();
 Boss boss = new Boss();
peter.Advise(boss); //【译注：或peter.Advise((IWorkerEvents)boss);
】
peter.DoWork();
Console.WriteLine("Main: worker completed work");
Console.ReadLine();
 }
}
/*【译注：以下是上段程序输出结果：
Worker: work started
Worker: work progressing
Worker: work completed
It's about time!
Worker grade = 3
Main: worker completed work
】*/
委托
 不幸的是，由于peter忙于通知boss实现这个接口，以至于没有顾得上通知univer
se也实现该接口，但他知道不久就需如此，至少，他已经抽象了对boss的引用，因此，
别的实现了IworkerEvents接口的什么人都可以收到工作进度通知。【译注：请参见上一
节代码示例及译注】
 然而，peter的boss依然极度不满，“Peter！”boss咆哮者，“你为什么要通知我
什么时候开始工作、什么时候正在进行工作？我不关心这些事件，你不但强迫我实现这
些方法，你还浪费了你的宝贵的工作时间等我从事件中返回。当我实现的方法需占用很
长时间时，你等我的时间也要大大延长！你难道不能想想别的办法不要老是来烦我吗？
”
 此时，peter意识到尽管在很多情况下接口很有用，但在处理事件时，接口的粒度
还不够精细。他还要能做到仅仅通知监听者真正感兴趣的事件。因此，peter决定把接口
里的方法肢解成若干个独立的委托函数，每一个都好象是只有一个方法的小接口。
using System; //【译注：译者补充】
delegate void WorkStarted();
delegate void WorkProgressing();
delegate int WorkCompleted();
class Worker
{
 public void DoWork()
 {
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work started");
if( started != null ) started();
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work progressing");
if( progressing != null ) progressing();
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work completed");
if( completed != null )
 {
int grade = completed();
Console.WriteLine("Worker grade = " + grade);
 }
 }
 public WorkStarted started; //【译注：这样写更规矩：public WorkStarted
started = null;】
 public WorkProgressing progressing; //【译注：这样写更规矩：public Work
Progressing progressing = null;】
 public WorkCompleted completed; //【译注：这样写更规矩：public WorkComp
leted completed = null;】
}
class Boss
{
 public int WorkCompleted()
 {
Console.WriteLine("Better...");
 return 4; /* out of 10 */
 }
}
class Universe
{
 static void Main()
 {
 Workerpeter = new Worker();
 Boss boss = new Boss();
peter.completed = new WorkCompleted(boss.WorkCompleted);
peter.DoWork();
Console.WriteLine("Main: worker completed work");
Console.ReadLine();
 }
}
/*【译注：以下是上段程序输出结果：
Worker: work started
Worker: work progressing
Worker: work completed
Better...
Worker grade = 4
Main: worker completed work
】
*/
【译注：对“但在处理事件时，接口的粒度还不够精细”的理解可用下例说明，请仔细
观察一下程序，思考一下这样做的不利之处J
using System;
interface IWorkStartedEvent
{
 void WorkStarted();
}
interface IWorkProgressingEvent
{
 void WorkProgressing();
}
interface IWorkCompletedEvent
{
 int WorkCompleted();
}
class Worker
{
public void Advise(IWorkCompletedEvent AEvent)
{
_event = AEvent;
}
public void DoWork()
{
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work completed");
if(_event != null )
 {
int grade = _event.WorkCompleted();
Console.WriteLine("Worker grade = " + grade);
}
}
private IWorkCompletedEvent _event;
}
class Boss : IWorkCompletedEvent
{
public int WorkCompleted()
{
Console.WriteLine("Better...");
return 4; /* out of 10 */
}
}
class Universe
{
static void Main()
 {
 Worker peter = new Worker();
 Boss boss = new Boss();
peter.Advise(boss);
peter.DoWork();
Console.WriteLine("Main: worker completed work");
Console.ReadLine();
 }
}
/*以下是上段程序输出结果：
Worker: work completed
Better...
Worker grade = 4
Main: worker completed work
*/
】
静态监听者
 这就达到了不用boss不关心的事件去烦他的目标。但是，peter还是不能够使univ
erse成为其监听者。因为universe是一个全封闭的实体，所以将委托挂钩在universe的
实例上不妥的（设想一下Universe的多个实例需要多少资源...）。peter意识到应将委
托挂钩于universe的静态成员上，因为委托也完全适应于静态成员：
using System;
delegate void WorkStarted();
delegate void WorkProgressing();
delegate int WorkCompleted();
class Worker
{
 public void DoWork()
 {
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work started");
if( started != null ) started();
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work progressing");
if( progressing != null ) progressing();
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work completed");
if( completed != null )
 {
int grade = completed();
Console.WriteLine("Worker grade= " + grade);
 }
 }
 public WorkStarted started = null;
 public WorkProgressing progressing = null;
 public WorkCompleted completed = null;
}
class Boss
{
 public int WorkCompleted()
 {
Console.WriteLine("Better...");
 return 4; /* out of 10 */
 }
}
//【译注：以上代码为译者补充】
class Universe
{
static void WorkerStartedWork()
{
Console.WriteLine("Universe notices worker starting work");
}
static int WorkerCompletedWork()
{
Console.WriteLine("Universe pleased with worker's work");
return 7;
}
static void Main()
{
Worker peter = new Worker();
Boss boss = new Boss();
peter.completed = new WorkCompleted(boss.WorkCompleted); //【译注：×
】
peter.started = new WorkStarted(Universe.WorkerStartedWork);
peter.completed = new WorkCompleted(Universe.WorkerCompletedWork);//
【译注：这一行代码使得“×”那一行代码白做了L】
peter.DoWork();
Console.WriteLine("Main: worker completed work");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
/*【译注：以下是上段程序输出结果：
Worker: work started
Universe notices worker starting work
Worker: work progressing
Worker: work completed
Universe pleased with worker's work
Worker grade = 7
Main: worker completed work
】*/
事件
 不幸的是，universe现在变得太忙并且不习惯于注意某一个人—universe用自己的
委托取代了peter的boss的委托，这显然是将Worker类的委托字段设为public的意外的副
作用。【译注：请参见上节例子代码及译注】同样地，如果peter的boss不耐烦了，他自
己就可以触发peter的委托（peter的boss可是有暴力倾向的）
// peter的boss自己动手了
if( peter.completed != null ) peter.completed();
peter希望确保不会发生这两种情况。他意识到必须为每一个委托加入注册和反注册函数
，这样监听者就可以添加或移去它们，但谁都不能够清空整个事件列表。peter自己没去
实现这些方法，相反，他使用event关键字让C#编译器帮他达到这个目的：
class Worker
{
//...
public event WorkStarted started;
public event WorkProgressing progressing;
public event WorkCompleted completed;
}
 peter懂得关键字event使得委托具有这样的特性：只允许C#客户用+=或-=操作符添
加或移去它们自己，这样就迫使boss和universe举止文雅一些：
static void Main()
{
Worker peter = new Worker();
 Boss boss = new Boss();
 peter.completed += new WorkCompleted(boss.WorkCompleted);
 peter.started += new WorkStarted(Universe.WorkerStartedWork);
 peter.completed += new WorkCompleted(Universe.WorkerCompletedWork);
peter.DoWork();
Console.WriteLine("Main: worker completed work");
Console.ReadLine();
}
【译注：以下是完整代码：
using System;
delegate void WorkStarted();
delegate void WorkProgressing();
delegate int WorkCompleted();
class Worker
{
 public void DoWork()
 {
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work started");
if( started != null ) started();
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work progressing");
if( progressing != null ) progressing();
Console.WriteLine("Worker: work completed");
if( completed != null )
 {
int grade = completed();
Console.WriteLine("Worker grade = " + grade);
 }
 }
public event WorkStarted started ;
public event WorkProgressing progressing;
public event WorkCompleted completed;
}
class Boss
{
 public int WorkCompleted()
 {
Console.WriteLine("Better...");
 return 4; /* out of 10 */
 }
}
class Universe
{
 static void WorkerStartedWork()
 {
Console.WriteLine("Universe notices worker starting work");
 }
 static int WorkerCompletedWork()
 {
Console.WriteLine("Universe pleased with worker's work");
 return 7;
 }
 static void Main()
 {
 Worker peter = new Worker();
 Boss boss = new Boss();
peter.completed += new WorkCompleted(boss.WorkCompleted); //【译注：
√】
peter.started += new WorkStarted(Universe.WorkerStartedWork);
peter.completed += new WorkCompleted(Universe.WorkerCompletedWork);
peter.DoWork();
Console.WriteLine("Main: worker completed work");
Console.ReadLine();
 }
}
/*

以下是上段程序输出结果：
Worker: work started
Universe notices worker starting work
Worker: work progressing
Worker: work completed
Better...// 【译注：boss也通知到啦J“√”那一行代码有用啦J，但是且慢，boss打
的那4分没有得到，后面只得到了Universe给的7分L】
Universe pleased with worker's work
Worker grade = 7
Main: worker completed work
*/ <>